WHO Says Nearly Half of Dementia Risk Could Be Prevented Through Lifestyle Changes

A large number of dementia cases could be prevented or delayed by making healthier lifestyle choices, according to new guidance released by the World Health Organization (WHO). The global health body estimates that up to 45 per cent of dementia risk is linked to factors that people and governments can address through better healthcare, education and healthier living.

Dementia affects millions of people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of disability and dependence among older adults. As populations continue to age, the number of people living with dementia is expected to rise sharply in the coming decades. While age remains the biggest risk factor, experts say many cases are not inevitable.

The WHO guidance highlights several lifestyle and health factors that influence brain health throughout life. High blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, hearing loss, depression, physical inactivity and social isolation are among the key contributors. Addressing these issues early could significantly reduce the chances of developing dementia later in life.

The organisation also stresses the importance of education and lifelong learning. Better access to quality education during childhood and opportunities to remain mentally active in adulthood may help build what experts describe as “cognitive reserve”. This enables the brain to better cope with age-related changes.

Regular physical activity continues to be one of the strongest protective measures. Walking, cycling, swimming and strength training not only improve heart health but also support healthy blood flow to the brain. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and healthy fats is also associated with better cognitive function.

Social engagement is another important factor. Maintaining friendships, taking part in community activities and avoiding prolonged loneliness may lower dementia risk. Experts also recommend regular hearing and vision checks, as untreated hearing loss has increasingly been linked with cognitive decline.

The WHO guidance places equal responsibility on governments and healthcare systems. It calls for stronger policies to reduce tobacco and alcohol use, improve access to primary healthcare, promote healthy diets and create environments that encourage physical activity. Public awareness campaigns and routine screening for conditions such as hypertension and diabetes are also seen as essential steps.

For India, the recommendations carry added importance. The country is experiencing rapid population ageing, with a growing number of older adults requiring long-term care. Rising rates of obesity, diabetes and hypertension among younger adults could increase future dementia cases if preventive measures are not adopted.

Healthcare professionals say brain health should not become a concern only after retirement. Managing blood pressure, staying physically active, sleeping well, avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol and remaining socially connected throughout adulthood can all contribute to healthier ageing.

Although there is currently no cure for most forms of dementia, prevention offers one of the most effective ways to reduce its future burden. The WHO believes that combining healthy personal habits with supportive public health policies can help millions of people maintain better cognitive health as they grow older.